/* 
  THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF 
  ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO 
  THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A 
  PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 
  
    This is sample code and is freely distributable. 
*/

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace Wmb.Drawing {
    /// <summary>
    /// The abstract base class for both the OctreeQuantizer and PaletteQuantizer
    /// </summary>
    public abstract class Quantizer {
        /// <summary>
        /// Construct the quantizer
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="singlePass">If true, the quantization only needs to loop through the source pixels once</param>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If you construct this class with a true value for singlePass, then the code will, when quantizing your image,
        /// only call the 'QuantizeImage' function. If two passes are required, the code will call 'InitialQuantizeImage'
        /// and then 'QuantizeImage'.
        /// </remarks>
        protected Quantizer(bool singlePass) {
            this.singlePass = singlePass;
            this.pixelSize = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(Color32));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Quantize an image and return the resulting output bitmap
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="source">The image to quantize</param>
        /// <returns>A quantized version of the image</returns>
        public Bitmap Quantize(Image source) {
            // Get the size of the source image
            int height = source.Height;
            int width = source.Width;

            // And construct a rectangle from these dimensions
            Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height);

            // First off take a 32bpp copy of the image
            Bitmap copy = new Bitmap(width, height, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb);

            // And construct an 8bpp version
            Bitmap output = new Bitmap(width, height, PixelFormat.Format8bppIndexed);

            // Now lock the bitmap into memory
            using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(copy)) {
                g.PageUnit = GraphicsUnit.Pixel;

                // Draw the source image onto the copy bitmap,
                // which will effect a widening as appropriate.
                g.DrawImage(source, bounds);

            }

            // Define a pointer to the bitmap data
            BitmapData sourceData = null;

            try {
                // Get the source image bits and lock into memory
                sourceData = copy.LockBits(bounds, ImageLockMode.ReadOnly, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb);

                // Call the FirstPass function if not a single pass algorithm.
                // For something like an octree quantizer, this will run through
                // all image pixels, build a data structure, and create a palette.
                if (!this.singlePass) {
                    this.FirstPass(sourceData, width, height);
                }

                // Then set the color palette on the output bitmap. I'm passing in the current palette 
                // as there's no way to construct a new, empty palette.
                output.Palette = this.GetPalette(output.Palette);


                // Then call the second pass which actually does the conversion
                this.SecondPass(sourceData, output, width, height, bounds);
            }
            finally {
                // Ensure that the bits are unlocked
                copy.UnlockBits(sourceData);
            }

            // Last but not least, return the output bitmap
            return output;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute the first pass through the pixels in the image
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sourceData">The source data</param>
        /// <param name="width">The width in pixels of the image</param>
        /// <param name="height">The height in pixels of the image</param>
        protected virtual void FirstPass(BitmapData sourceData, int width, int height) {
            // Define the source data pointers. The source row is a byte to
            // keep addition of the stride value easier (as this is in bytes)              
            IntPtr pSourceRow = sourceData.Scan0;

            // Loop through each row
            for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
                // Set the source pixel to the first pixel in this row
                IntPtr pSourcePixel = pSourceRow;

                // And loop through each column
                for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
                    this.InitialQuantizePixel(new Color32(pSourcePixel));
                    pSourcePixel = (IntPtr)((int)pSourcePixel + this.pixelSize);
                }

                // Add the stride to the source row
                pSourceRow = (IntPtr)((long)pSourceRow + sourceData.Stride);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Execute a second pass through the bitmap
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="sourceData">The source bitmap, locked into memory</param>
        /// <param name="output">The output bitmap</param>
        /// <param name="width">The width in pixels of the image</param>
        /// <param name="height">The height in pixels of the image</param>
        /// <param name="bounds">The bounding rectangle</param>
        protected virtual void SecondPass(BitmapData sourceData, Bitmap output, int width, int height, Rectangle bounds) {
            BitmapData outputData = null;

            try {
                // Lock the output bitmap into memory
                outputData = output.LockBits(bounds, ImageLockMode.WriteOnly, PixelFormat.Format8bppIndexed);

                // Define the source data pointers. The source row is a byte to
                // keep addition of the stride value easier (as this is in bytes)
                IntPtr pSourceRow = sourceData.Scan0;
                IntPtr pSourcePixel = pSourceRow;
                IntPtr pPreviousPixel = pSourcePixel;

                // Now define the destination data pointers
                IntPtr pDestinationRow = outputData.Scan0;
                IntPtr pDestinationPixel = pDestinationRow;

                // And convert the first pixel, so that I have values going into the loop

                byte pixelValue = QuantizePixel(new Color32(pSourcePixel));

                // Assign the value of the first pixel
                Marshal.WriteByte(pDestinationPixel, pixelValue);

                // Loop through each row
                for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) {
                    // Set the source pixel to the first pixel in this row
                    pSourcePixel = pSourceRow;

                    // And set the destination pixel pointer to the first pixel in the row
                    pDestinationPixel = pDestinationRow;

                    // Loop through each pixel on this scan line
                    for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) {
                        // Check if this is the same as the last pixel. If so use that value
                        // rather than calculating it again. This is an inexpensive optimisation.
                        if (Marshal.ReadByte(pPreviousPixel) != Marshal.ReadByte(pSourcePixel)) {
                            // Quantize the pixel
                            pixelValue = QuantizePixel(new Color32(pSourcePixel));

                            // And setup the previous pointer
                            pPreviousPixel = pSourcePixel;
                        }

                        // And set the pixel in the output
                        Marshal.WriteByte(pDestinationPixel, pixelValue);

                        pSourcePixel = (IntPtr)((long)pSourcePixel + pixelSize);
                        pDestinationPixel = (IntPtr)((long)pDestinationPixel + 1);

                    }

                    // Add the stride to the source row
                    pSourceRow = (IntPtr)((long)pSourceRow + sourceData.Stride);

                    // And to the destination row
                    pDestinationRow = (IntPtr)((long)pDestinationRow + outputData.Stride);
                }
            }
            finally {
                // Ensure that I unlock the output bits
                output.UnlockBits(outputData);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Override this to process the pixel in the first pass of the algorithm
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pixel">The pixel to quantize</param>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This function need only be overridden if your quantize algorithm needs two passes,
        /// such as an Octree quantizer.
        /// </remarks>
        protected virtual void InitialQuantizePixel(Color32 pixel) {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Override this to process the pixel in the second pass of the algorithm
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="pixel">The pixel to quantize</param>
        /// <returns>The quantized value</returns>
        protected abstract byte QuantizePixel(Color32 pixel);

        /// <summary>
        /// Retrieve the palette for the quantized image
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="original">Any old palette, this is overrwritten</param>
        /// <returns>The new color palette</returns>
        protected abstract ColorPalette GetPalette(ColorPalette original);

        /// <summary>
        /// Flag used to indicate whether a single pass or two passes are needed for quantization.
        /// </summary>
        private bool singlePass;
        private int pixelSize;



        /// <summary>
        /// Struct that defines a 32 bpp colour
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This struct is used to read data from a 32 bits per pixel image
        /// in memory, and is ordered in this manner as this is the way that
        /// the data is layed out in memory
        /// </remarks>
        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
        protected struct Color32 {
            /// <summary>
            /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Color32"/> struct.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="sourcePixel">The source pixel.</param>
            public Color32(IntPtr sourcePixel) {
                this = (Color32)Marshal.PtrToStructure(sourcePixel, typeof(Color32));
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Holds the blue component of the colour
            /// </summary>
            [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1051:DoNotDeclareVisibleInstanceFields", Justification = "This class has to be as performant as can be. This means public fields instead of properties")]
            [FieldOffset(0)]
            public byte Blue;

            /// <summary>
            /// Holds the green component of the colour
            /// </summary>
            [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1051:DoNotDeclareVisibleInstanceFields", Justification="This class has to be as performant as can be. This means public fields instead of properties")]
            [FieldOffset(1)]
            public byte Green;

            /// <summary>
            /// Holds the red component of the colour
            /// </summary>
            [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1051:DoNotDeclareVisibleInstanceFields", Justification = "This class has to be as performant as can be. This means public fields instead of properties")]
            [FieldOffset(2)]
            public byte Red;

            /// <summary>
            /// Holds the alpha component of the colour
            /// </summary>
            [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1051:DoNotDeclareVisibleInstanceFields", Justification="This class has to be as performant as can be. This means public fields instead of properties")]
            [FieldOffset(3)]
            public byte Alpha;

            /// <summary>
            /// Permits the color32 to be treated as an int32
            /// </summary>
            [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1051:DoNotDeclareVisibleInstanceFields", Justification = "This class has to be as performant as can be. This means public fields instead of properties")]
            [FieldOffset(0)]
            public int ARGB;

            /// <summary>
            /// Return the color for this Color32 object
            /// </summary>
            public Color Color {
                get { return Color.FromArgb(Alpha, Red, Green, Blue); }
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Determines whether the specified <see cref="System.Object"/> is equal to this instance.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="obj">The <see cref="System.Object"/> to compare with this instance.</param>
            /// <returns>
            /// 	<c>true</c> if the specified <see cref="System.Object"/> is equal to this instance; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
            /// </returns>
            public override bool Equals(object obj) {
                bool retVal = false;
                if (obj is Color32) {
                    Color32 other = (Color32)obj;
                    retVal = other.Color.Equals(this.Color);
                }
                return retVal;
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Implements the operator ==.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="left">The left.</param>
            /// <param name="right">The right.</param>
            /// <returns>The result of the operator.</returns>
            public static bool operator ==(Color32 left, Color32 right) {
                return left.Equals(right);
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Implements the operator !=.
            /// </summary>
            /// <param name="left">The left.</param>
            /// <param name="right">The right.</param>
            /// <returns>The result of the operator.</returns>
            public static bool operator !=(Color32 left, Color32 right) {
                return !left.Equals(right);
            }

            /// <summary>
            /// Returns a hash code for this instance.
            /// </summary>
            /// <returns>
            /// A hash code for this instance, suitable for use in hashing algorithms and data structures like a hash table. 
            /// </returns>
            public override int GetHashCode() {
                return this.Color.GetHashCode();
            }
        }
    }
}
